Polyvagal Theory, developed by Stephen Porges, provides a neuroscience framework that explains many aspects of theory of mind in terms of the nervous system's safety-detection mechanisms.
The Three States of Polyvagal Theory and Theory of Mind
Ventral vagal (safe and social): Optimal state for connection, learning, and theory of mind management
Sympathetic mobilization (fight or flight): Anxiety-type theory of mind responses
Dorsal vagal shutdown (freeze/collapse): Depression and dissociation-type theory of mind
Neuroception and Theory of Mind
Neuroception — the body's unconscious safety-detection — can be dysregulated in theory of mind, causing false alarms (sensing danger when safe) that drive theory of mind responses.
Polyvagal-Informed Theory of Mind Treatment
Therapy that acknowledges the body's state — helping clients move into ventral vagal 'safe and social' — transforms theory of mind management.
Safe relationships, co-regulation, and body-based practices are particularly emphasized.