Smart Drugs, Cognitive Enhancers
How Do Nootropics Work?
The most effective nootropics are amphetamines such as Ritalin and Adderall. These stimulants and others increase levels of dopamine in the brain, a neurotransmitter known to regulate attention , alertness, and energy. Stimulants are most effective in individuals with ADHD, and have a long history of use in professions such as piloting and surgery, where sustained attention and fast reaction times are critical.
It is less clear that stimulants enhance performance in other arenas, and self-reported gains may be subject to the placebo effect . Stimulants enhance mood, which in turn leads people to overestimate their performance while under the influence of a smart drug. Most doctors and psychologists argue that it is preferable to enhance overall cognition and executive function simply by obtaining adequate sleep and exercise, as well as through a healthy, nutrient-rich diet .
ADHD symptoms are thought to stem from an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine. Stimulants boost levels of those neurotransmitters, so people with ADHD don’t need to seek as much outside stimulation. Proper levels of these neurotransmitters therefore reduce hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, the core symptoms of ADHD.
For typical individuals, cognitive tests reveal that stimulants don’t enhance cognitive abilities. Instead, they boost energy, interest, enjoyment, and optimism about the task at hand to marshall the cognitive resources people do have.
Explore More About Nootropics
For a comprehensive understanding of nootropics, read our complete guide: