Moral injury is the social, psychological, and spiritual harm that arises from a betrayal of one’s core values, such as justice, fairness, and loyalty. Harming others, whether in military or civilian life; failing to protect others, through error or inaction; and failure to be protected by leaders, especially in combat—can all wound a person’s conscience , leading to lasting anger , guilt , and shame , and can fundamentally alter one’s world view and impair the ability to trust others.
Who Is Vulnerable to Moral Injury?
Anyone caught in a life-or-death or otherwise high-stakes situation with no good choices can suffer moral injury. Therapists, human rights workers, first responders, survivors of abuse and political violence can all face dilemmas that pitch moral and professional or self-preservation values into conflict.
Doctors, too, can feel the strain of moral injury. What is often labeled “physician burnout ” may in fact come from deep frustration with ethical quandaries presented by the modern healthcare system. For example, electronic record-keeping isolates doctors from patients. Doctors may struggle with caregivers’ decisions to continue life support for loved ones who may be in great pain.
When the doctors’ oath to do no harm conflicts with the ability to prevent suffering, physicians can agonize personally. More than twice as many doctors die by suicide every year compared to the general population.
Research suggests that moral injury is widespread among members of the military, and it is linked to anxiety , depression , PTSD severity, and risk of suicide. One study reported that over 90 percent of veterans with PTSD had at least one severe symptom of moral injury and 59 percent had at least five such symptoms.
How to Heal from Moral Injury
Treatments for moral injury are still in development. At the Department of Veterans Affairs in the United States, trials of cognitive behavioral therapy emphasizing forgiveness and self-compassion have been reported to bring about significant improvement in anxiety and depressive symptoms for veterans with moral injury.
The same treatment also fostered post-traumatic growth . Group therapy has also helped veterans restore a sense of trust through connection with others who have had similar experiences.
The military has learned—and other organizations can heed these lessons—that positive institutional values can diminish vulnerability to moral injury. Clearly articulating how organizational values link to the mission statement, inculcating positive organizational standards, and reinforcing values-based decision-making can help military personnel deal with the difficult choices they must make.
Practices like meditation , mindfulness , resilience skills, exercise, and healthy eating are helpful, but they often do not address the root cause of moral injury. In medicine, for example, physicians can learn these skills, but they do not address the incentive structure of a for-profit healthcare system. “There is a place for mindfulness. There is a place for yoga and resilience. But they are not reasonable ways to fix a structural problem,” says trauma surgeon and moral injury researcher Simon Talbot.
What's the Difference Between PTSD and Moral Injury?
The self-loathing and distrust of others that often follow moral injury can lead to depression and anxiety, occasionally aggression , and, at worst, suicidal thinking. Psychiatrist Jonathan Shay, who developed the concept of moral injury in working with Vietnam veterans for over 20 years, contends that violence and suicide among veterans stem more from a moral injury than from PTSD.
Post-traumatic stress disorder and moral injury often go hand in hand, but there are important differences: PTSD is the result of a life-threatening experience that leads to chronic hypervigilance and fear; it is difficult to ever feel safe. Moral injury involves loss of trust; it is not a disorder but a reasonable response to having one’s ethical compass thrown off track.
Moral injury is not currently included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Scientific consensus has yet to be reached on the parameters of moral injury.
We readily offer compassion to those who've been lied to. But what about the person holding the secret? A reflection on the quiet tragedy of people living a double life.
Explore More About Moral Injury
For a comprehensive understanding of moral injury, read our complete guide: