Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by manipulativeness, deceitfulness, high levels of self-interest, and a tendency to see other people as means to an end. People who display especially elevated levels of Machiavellianism—referred to by some psychologists as “high-Machs”—lack empathy and take a cynical, unemotional view of the world; their primary interests center on power and s
Why Does Machiavellianism Develop?
Understanding what causes machiavellianism is essential for prevention and treatment. Research consistently shows that machiavellianism arises from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors — rarely from a single cause.
What Researchers Have Found
Research into machiavellianism has identified multiple contributing pathways. Studies using neuroimaging, genetics, and longitudinal data reveal that no single factor fully explains why machiavellianism develops.
Biological Factors
Biological contributors to machiavellianism include:
- Genetics: Family history increases risk; certain genes influence vulnerability
- Brain chemistry: Neurotransmitter imbalances (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) play key roles
- Brain structure: Differences in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus are documented
- Physical health: Chronic illness, hormonal changes, and sleep disruption can trigger or worsen machiavellianism
Psychological Factors
- Early experiences: Childhood adversity, attachment disruption, and trauma shape psychological vulnerability
- Cognitive patterns: Negative thinking styles, perfectionism, and rumination increase risk
- Coping skills: Limited emotional regulation skills make machiavellianism more likely under stress
- Personality: Certain traits (neuroticism, harm avoidance) are associated with higher risk
Social and Environmental Factors
Environmental factors — including chronic stress, relationship problems, financial difficulty, and major life events — can trigger machiavellianism in vulnerable individuals.
What Triggers an Episode?
Even in people with predisposing factors, machiavellianism often requires a triggering event:
- Major life transitions (job loss, relationship breakdown, bereavement)
- Prolonged stress without adequate recovery
- Substance use or withdrawal
- Physical illness or injury
- Social isolation or conflict
Protective Factors
Not everyone with risk factors develops machiavellianism. Protective factors include: strong social support, effective coping skills, physical health maintenance, access to care, and psychological resilience built through prior challenges.