When Repetitive Behaviors Look Alike
Distinguishing body-focused repetitive behaviors from stereotypy (stimming).
Posted June 13, 2025 | Reviewed by Tyler Woods
Repetitive behaviors are not an uncommon part of human experience, but not all repetitive actions serve the same purpose or carry the same meaning. Two types of behaviors that are often confused are body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) (such as hair pulling or skin picking) and stereotypies, also known as self-stimulatory behaviors, which are frequently seen in autistic individuals and others with neurodevelopmental differences. Although these behaviors may look similar—repetitive, rhythmic, or seemingly purposeless—their function, emotional impact, and clinical significance are quite different. Understanding these distinctions is essential for providing the right kind of support without pathologizing behaviors that may actually be helpful or adaptive.
What Are Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors?
Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors are compulsive actions that individuals struggle to control and that result in physical damage to the body. Common examples include hair pulling (trichotillomania), skin picking (excoriation disorder), and nail biting. These behaviors are typically done in response to emotional tension, boredom , or a sensory urge, and are often followed by feelings of shame , distress, or frustration, although other factors such as thoughts, bodily sensations, and contextual factors may play a role in their pattern.
People with BFRBs do not perform these actions with the intention of self-harm , but the behavior results in physical injury or noticeable damage over time. The hallmark of a BFRB is that it is difficult to control despite the individual’s desire to stop, and it often interferes with daily functioning or emotional well-being.
Stimming—short for self-stimulatory behavior—is a term often used to describe stereotypy, which refers to repetitive movements or sounds that help regulate sensory input, emotions, or attention . Common in autistic individuals and other neurodivergent populations, stimming can include hand-flapping, rocking, repeating words or phrases, pacing, or fidgeting with objects.
These behaviors are typically not harmful and often serve an important purpose: to manage overwhelming sensory experiences, express excitement, or maintain focus. While stereotypic behaviors may appear unusual to others, they are often adaptive, calming, and essential for self-regulation .
Can a Behavior Be Both?
Some repetitive behaviors may blur the lines. For example, someone might repetitively twirl their hair. If they’re doing it to soothe themselves without causing harm, it may be a stim. But if it escalates into pulling out hair and feeling unable to stop, it may be a BFRB. Context, intent, and impact matter.
It’s also important to recognize that autistic individuals may have both stimming behaviors and BFRBs, and it’s possible to need support for one while embracing the other.
Why This Distinction Matters
Understanding the difference between stimming and BFRBs helps guide appropriate support. Stimming is a natural and often helpful form of self-regulation, and attempts to suppress it can be harmful. BFRBs, on the other hand, are typically associated with a desire for behavioral or other therapeutic interventions to reduce distress and physical damage.
When in doubt, consider:
Not all repetitive behaviors are the same. While both stimming and BFRBs may look similar, their roots, functions, and impacts are very different. The goal is not to label behaviors as “good” or “bad,” but to understand their function and functional impact and to support individuals in ways that respect their needs, safety, and autonomy.
If you’re concerned about whether a repetitive behavior may be a BFRB, speaking with a mental health professional trained in body-focused disorders and neurodiversity -affirming care can be a helpful next step.
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Marla Deibler, Psy.D., ABPP , is a clinical psychologist and founder of The Center for Emotional Health of Greater Philadelphia.
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This article is part of the Bringwise Psychology Journal — daily insights on human behavior, mental health, and personal growth.