The Misery of Chasing Happiness

What empirical studies and a wise man say about the good life.

Posted July 11, 2025 | Reviewed by Monica Vilhauer Ph.D.

While Facebook and Instagram feeds overflow with #blessed hashtags and motivational quotes about choosing joy, significant research suggests that our cultural obsession with happiness could be making us miserable—and missing the point entirely.

Viktor Frankl, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychologist, and Holocaust survivor, famously declared: "Happiness must happen, and the same holds for success: you have to let it happen by not caring about it." This wasn't philosophical speculation—it was hard-won wisdom from someone who found meaning in humanity's darkest chapter. Decades later, Stanford researcher Jennifer Aaker and her colleagues have provided the scientific proof that Frankl was right all along.

Aaker and Roy Baumeister studied 397 people, revealing something that should make every self-help guru nervous: Happiness and meaningfulness are not just different—they're sometimes opposing forces. Their research uncovered five crucial distinctions between meaningfulness and happiness:

Here's where things get interesting: Other psychological research distinguishes between the hedonic approach, which "focuses on happiness and defines well-being in terms of pleasure attainment and pain avoidance," and the eudaimonic approach, which "focuses on meaning and self-realization." Think of it as the difference between collecting moments versus building meaning.

The research reveals how this divide operates. Happiness is connected to achieving what you desire, such as health, wealth, and comfort. It's about living in the present, sometimes prioritizing friendship over family, and avoiding stress whenever possible. The happiness-focused group develops what researchers often call "emotional avoidance syndrome"—a psychological allergy to discomfort that ultimately impairs growth.

Meaning operates by fundamentally different rules. It comes from being a giver rather than a taker, from deep connections that involve "hashing out problems," and from struggles that would make happiness seekers run screaming. Frankl identified three sources of meaning: through creative work, through experiencing values and love, and through our attitude toward unavoidable suffering.

Here in America, we have created what is essentially a happiness marketplace. Our culture encourages instant gratification through "happiness capitalism"—the idea that joy can be bought, leased (a Beemer or Benz), swiped (Tinder, Bumble), or achieved with life hacks. We expect continuous happiness, whether through retail therapy or smartphone apps designed to deliver the perfect mix of endorphins, dopamine , serotonin, and oxytocin .

The problem? Studies support Frankl’s belief. Aaker and her colleagues note that "the pursuit of meaningful living may, in the short run, be related to distress and unhappiness, but it leads to greater long-term satisfaction.” Meanwhile, those who focus purely on happiness often end up feeling lonelier and less satisfied over time. It's the psychological equivalent of living on junk food—momentarily satisfying but nutritionally bankrupt.

Frankl pointed to research indicating "a strong relationship between 'meaninglessness' and criminal behaviors, addictions, and depression ." When meaning disappears, people fill the void with hedonistic pleasures, power, materialism , or destructive behaviors. We're witnessing this phenomenon in real time as anxiety and depression rates soar despite unprecedented access to comfort and convenience.

The Meaning Advantage

The most intriguing discovery from Aaker and Baumeister’s research surfaced three months after the initial study. The happiness-focused group's positive feelings had faded, while those who pursued meaning "felt more inspired and connected and had fewer negative moods." This isn't a coincidence—it's the difference between building a house on sand versus bedrock.

Meaningful lives aren't always happy lives, at least not in the way that looks good on Facebook or Instagram. Raising children demonstrates this: it is one of the most meaningful and stressful experiences people have. Parents often sacrifice sleep, money, and personal freedom, yet they say parenthood is deeply rewarding. They are living what researchers call the "meaningful but difficult life."

As Frankl observed: "What man actually needs is not a tensionless state but rather the striving and struggling for some goal worthy of him." We are not made for comfort—we are made for purpose. The pursuit of meaning demands what traditional wisdom called "grit": enduring the hard stuff now because it benefits us later.

These distinctions play out in countless daily decisions we rarely examine:

Consider the difference between taking a high-paying job you dislike and accepting lower pay to work for a cause you believe in. The first might fund weekend happiness, but the second builds daily meaning. Think about the friend who always makes you laugh versus the one who challenges you to grow. Both have value, but only the second relationship contributes to long-term purpose. It's the difference between scrolling social media for dopamine hits and learning a new skill that initially frustrates you but improves over time. Buying expensive workout gear might bring temporary excitement, but the tough process of getting fit—sore muscles and early mornings included—creates lasting significance. Donating money feels good and takes five minutes, but volunteering at a food bank is messier, more demanding, and far more meaningful.

The Integration Solution

Before you start embracing misery in the name of meaning, here's some good news: You don't have to choose between happiness and purpose. The most successful people aren't going after just one—they're going after both. Research dating back to 2001 shows that people who actively pursue both pleasure and purpose "had the most favorable outcomes on vitality, awe , inspiration, transcendence, positive affect, and meaning" compared to those focused on only one or neither.

Here's another way of looking at it. Meaning provides the foundation, while happiness becomes the natural outcome rather than the main goal. It's like the difference between writing a book to become famous and writing because you have something meaningful to share. The second approach might accidentally make you famous, but the first will almost certainly leave you feeling frustrated. I tried the second approach with a few books, and I’m glad I did. While they didn’t make me famous, I believed I had something important to say, and sharing this deeper meaning was the reason I kept pushing through until they were published.

The secret isn't about abandoning happiness—it's about reordering your priorities. This shift challenges our core assumptions about what makes a good life. Western society's secular, individualistic, and materialistic values often clash with traditional spiritual , collectivistic, and humanistic ones, leaving us feeling psychologically lost, caught between what feels good and what feels right.

The most resilient people understand this difference instinctively. They pursue work that matters, build relationships that encourage growth, and commit themselves to causes larger than their own comfort. They recognize that a meaningful life shapes actions from the past through the present to the future, providing guidance even when the path ahead becomes difficult.

Frankl, V. E. (1962). Man's search for meaning. Boston: Beacon Press.
Some Key Differences between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life

Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs, Jennifer Aaker, Emily N. Garbinsky

Journal of Positive Psychology

2013Vol. 8 Issue 6 Pages 505-516

The Shifting Meaning of Happiness

Cassie Mogilner, Sepandar D. Kamvar, Jennifer Aaker

Social Psychological and Personality Science

2011Vol. 2 Issue 4 Pages 395–402

Wong, Paul. (2014). Viktor Frankl’s Meaning-Seeking Model and Positive Psychology. 10.1007/978-1-4939-0308-5_10.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being . Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. - References - Scientific Research Publishing

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Mark Lipton, Ph.D., is an emeritus professor of management at Parsons School of Design and The New School; Advisor to CEOs and board chairs; author-researcher; and farmer.

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